GHK‑Cu is a naturally occurring copper‑binding tripeptide that plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration. It is found in human plasma, saliva, and urine, with levels declining from around 200 ng/mL at age 20 to approximately 80 ng/mL by age 60, correlating with decreased regenerative capacity . Preclinical studies demonstrate that GHK‑Cu enhances wound healing across multiple animal models (rabbits, rats, mice, pigs) by stimulating collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, promoting angiogenesis, accelerating granulation tissue formation, and reducing inflammation via downregulation of TNF‑α and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‑2 and MMP‑9) . At the molecular level, GHK‑Cu promotes proliferation of endothelial and skin cells through upregulation of growth factors like VEGF and bFGF, while also modulating gene expression toward a more youthful phenotype by attenuating pro‑inflammatory signals.

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